Los Alamos National LaboratoryDense Plasma Theory
Microphysical properties of dense, strongly coupled, and quantum plasmas

# Strongly Coupled Plasmas in the Laboratory

Experimentalists use ingenious devices to create strongly coupling Coulomb systems with excellent diagnostic access and controllability, and at much smaller cost than conventional dense plasma experiments at large facilities.
• ### Dusty Plasmas

A dusty plasma is a plasma containing millimeter to nanometer sized particles suspended in it. In the plasma, the dust particles acquire high negative charges of hundreds or thousands of elementary charges due to the inflow of electrons and ions. Then, the Coulomb interaction of neighboring particles by far exceeds their thermal energy: the system is strongly coupled. The spatial and time scales of the particle motion allow easy observation by video microscopy. For more information, see here.

• ### Ultracold Plasmas

Using techniques of laser cooling, which originated in the atomic physics community, it is now possible to create ultracold neutral plasmas at temperatures as low as about 1 K. In a table-top apparatus, laser light traps and cools about 1 billion neutral atoms to a thousandth of a degree above absolute zero. A second laser illuminates the cloud with photons with barely enough energy to ionize the atoms and create the plasma. All the subsequent experiments in ultracold plasmas follow this same prescription—reduce the thermal energy of the neutral atoms with laser cooling, and then photoionize near the ionization limit. For more information, see here.

• ### Nonneutral plasmas

Plasmas consisting exclusively of particles with a single sign of charge (e.g., pure electron plasmas and pure ion plasmas) can be confined by static electric and magnetic fields (e.g., in a Penning-Malmberg trap) and also be in a state of global thermal equilibrium. Such nonneutral plasmas have proven to be excellent subjects for well-controlled studies of a wide variety of plasma phenomena over a wide range of parameters. For instance, these plasmas can be cooled to the cryogenic temperature range without any recombination, thereby providing experimental access to novel parameter regimes, such as the strong correlation exhibited by Coulomb crystals. For more information, see Prof. Dubin's page.

• ### Sonoluminescent Plasmas

Sound-stimulated gas bubbles in a liquid become tiny plasmas and may provide a test bed for plasma physics theories, including dense plasma theories. A gas bubble in a liquid becomes a plasma and emits intense flashes of light when squeezed by sound waves in a process called sonoluminescence. The sonoluminescent plasma temperatures and densities range from 6,000-20,000 K and $$1-10\,\times 10^{21}/{\rm cm^3}$$, respectively. Under these conditions, the plasmas are strongly coupled. For more information, see here.

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